Montag, 28. März 2022
Sonntag, 27. März 2022
https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-019-1543-8
Understanding the nature of human behavior and its genetic underpinnings is a crucial issue in neuropsychology and evolutionary genetics. High cognitive and social abilities in humans, as represented by language, empathy, and altruism, are considered unique to our species. Brain neurochemicals such as serotonin and dopamine are known to underlie many important cognitive and emotional functions [1,2,3,4]. A recently proposed neurochemical hypothesis suggests that humans possess a dopamine-dominated striatum, i.e., a striatum with an elevated level of dopamine and a reduced level of acetylcholine that reflects our externally motivated behaviors [5,6,7,8]. Although monoamine neurotransmitters are produced in relatively few neurons in small areas of the brainstem, they are released widely and diffuse throughout the cerebral cortex [9]. Monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders [10,11,12,13]. As a result, regulatory monoaminergic pathways in the central nervous system have become targets for psychopharmacological interventions [14, 15].
The evolutionary origin of monoaminergic systems is thought to date back at least 600 million years to the stem metazoan (i.e., the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria) [16,17,18,19]. Social behavior regulated by monoaminergic systems is evolutionarily conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates [20], suggesting that flexible behavioral control toward various environmental stimuli via monoamine neurotransmitters is advantageous for the survival of a wide range of taxa. Genetic differentiation in monoaminergic neuronal systems has been reported in several groups—especially among primates—and could be linked to the evolution of diverse emotional and/or social behaviors [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
vmat2 and vmat1
Human-specific mutations in VMAT1 confer functional changes and multi-directional evolution in the regulation of monoamine circuits
i've been going to carla since october, almost every day. the employees of caritas and the church have the duty to give me evidence and to warn me about the danger of death. stasi psychological war of the state police and secret services and lynching. the law of the austrian constitution describes: austrians have the duty to report crimes, terror and attamped murder
So bezeichnete z.B. Heinz Nussbaumer, der frühere Sprecher des früheren österreichischen Bundespräsidenten Thomas Klestil, Ayatollah Khomeini, den ersten Schiitenführer des Iran, in seinem Buch als "iranischen Gandhi", obwohl Khomeini zum Mord am Schriftsteller Salman Rushdie aufgerufen hatte und zur Zerstörung Israels.
europe american evolution animals were our pets, today evolution animal says: we are more animals than viennese police, ayatullahs and hizbullah, your case is worse than ghassemloo, but your aunt was worth more than the three of you after double degrees , we will kill you too, like tara in Washington
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Tuesday, April 23, 2024 Vienna's mayor Michael Häupl apologized for allowing one of the responsible doctors, Heinrich Gross, to temporar...
